Nepal, a culturally diverse nation, is witnessing significant changes in its demographic situation as migration patterns continue to reshape the social structure of rural communities. Due to migration, many homes in rural areas are now unoccupied. In those that are occupied, children and the elderly predominate. The able bodied youths are leaving their homes and migrating to the urban areas within the country or abroad for employment and other opportunities. Families with higher socio-economic levels who have strengthened their economic status from remittance income are moving permanently to the nation's urban areas. On the other hand, families with lower socio-economic status migrants are struggling to pay back their loans or manage family expenses from what they are able to earn from the jobs in the Gulf or Malaysia. Due to migration both within and outside the country, the nation is experiencing drastic demographic changes. In this context, there is a news story from Banduke Danda in Chaubise Rural Municipality of Dhankuta district, reported in this daily which sheds light on the broader scenario of population shifts taking place across Nepal.

The village, which was once a vibrant settlement with a harmonious blend of different castes and communities, has witnessed a shocking decline in population over the past two decades. The Brahmin and Chhetri communities have been disproportionately impacted by the phenomenon of migration in this village. Only the families from the Limbu and Tamang ethnic communities are now left behind in the village. The sad story of this village in Dhankuta is not an isolated case. Instead, this represents such migratory realities happening in so many villages. Plains, hills or mountain, wherever you go, there is the repetition of the same story. Economic opportunities and advantages available in new places often lure families to relocate, seeking better livelihood prospects. In contrast, the Dalit communities, bound by economic constraints and deep attachments to their ancestral homes, are less likely to migrate.

The situation in Banduke Danda village mirrors a broader migration trend seen throughout Nepal. The 2011 census reported a population of 163,412 in Dhankuta, but by 2021, it had decreased to 150,599, representing a significant decline of 12,813 individuals. Notably, the Brahmin and Chhetri populations experienced the most substantial reductions, while that of other ethnic communities such as Rai, Newar, Yakha, Tamang, Limbu, and Magar witnessed a less decline though they are not left untouched by the migration mania. There are various pull factors for migration, including better education, healthcare services, infrastructure, and access to amenities that can contribute to their overall well-being. Additionally, individuals may seek social and cultural diversity and vibrant communities and higher standard of life.

However, the existing social structure and cohesion will be affected in the long run by shifting demographics and migration trends. Traditional communities established based on varied backgrounds and cultural exchange pose a risk of disintegrating as some particular groups of people gradually emigrate. It is essential to maintain the harmonious coexistence of diverse people to preserve social structure and cultural diversity. Sustaining cultural diversity and social harmony in the villages requires a balanced approach. This approach should address the underlying push and pull factors influencing migration patterns. Additionally, it should foster a sense of inclusivity and harmony among all communities across the nation. To curb migration from villages, the government should focus on rural development by improving infrastructure, education, healthcare, and income opportunities. Implementation of policies that ensure equitable resource distribution and economic growth across nation, providing people with a viable and sustainable future in their rural communities can help in reducing the need to migrate.

Published on: 19 July 2023 | The Rising Nepal